Inkomoko ya Noheli: Inkuru y'Ikinyagihumbi y'Uruvange rw'Imico

Uko Ukuboza kugera, abantu babarirwa muri za miriyari ku isi yose binjira mu bihe by'ibirori bya Noheli—amatara yaka, ibiti bishushanyije, indirimbo zihimbaza Imana, no kwitega impano. Ariko, inkomoko y'amateka y'iki gitaramo cyo "kwishima ku isi" iragoye cyane kandi irashishikaje kurusha uko benshi babyibwira. Impinduka za Noheli ni inkuru ikomeye ikubiyemo umuco, idini, n'amateka, ihuza iminsi mikuru ya gipagani, tewolojiya ya gikirisitu, imigenzo gakondo, n'umuco w'ubucuruzi wa none.

1. Ibanga ry'itariki: Kuki byabaye ku ya 25 Ukuboza?

Ikibazo cy'ibanze kandi gishishikaje ni iki: kuki twizihiza ivuka rya Yesu ku ya 25 Ukuboza? Isezerano Rishya ntirigaragaza itariki nyayo y'ivuka rya Yesu. Abahanga mu by'amateka n'abahanga mu bya tewolojiya bahuriza hamwe ko Kiliziya ya mbere yahisemo iyi tariki kugira ngo yinjize kandi ihindure iminsi mikuru myinshi ikomeye ya gipagani yari ikunzwe mu bwami bw'Abaroma.

Umunsi mukuru w’ingenzi cyane wahuje n’uwo ni "Dies Natalis Solis Invicti" (Ivuka ry’Izuba Ritatsinzwe). Muri kalendari ya Julia, itariki ya 25 Ukuboza iba nyuma gato y’uko izuba riva mu gihe cy’itumba, ikaba ari yo minsi miremire n’imbaraga z’izuba bigaruka. Umwami Aurelian yashinze uyu munsi mukuru ku mugaragaro mu 274 nyuma ya Yesu kugira ngo asenge imana y’izuba Sol. Mu gushyiraho uwo munsi wo kwizihiza ivuka rya Yesu, uwo bise "Izuba ry’Ubutungane," Kiliziya ya mbere yujuje iyo tariki ibimenyetso bikomeye: "Umucyo w’Isi" nyakuri wari waraje, usimbuye gusenga izuba kwa gipagani.

Muri icyo gihe, umunsi mukuru w’Abaroma wa Saturnalia, watangiraga ku ya 17 Ukuboza kugeza ku ya 23, wagize uruhare mu gutuma Noheli iba nziza. Muri icyo gihe, imibereho myiza yarahindutse by’agateganyo: abacakara bashoboraga gusangira na ba shebuja, abantu bagahana impano, bagasangira, bagacana buji, kandi bagakora ibirori rusange. Ibi bintu byaje gushyirwa mu birori bya Noheli nyuma.

2. Kuva ku mihango y'idini kugeza ku minsi mikuru yo mu gihe cya kera

Nyuma yo gushingwa ku mugaragaro na Kiliziya y'Abaroma ahagana mu kinyejana cya 4, ibirori bya Noheli mu Burayi bwo hagati, cyane cyane mu birwa by'Abongereza, byagiye bihinduka ibirori bikomeye kandi ... byuzuyemo urusaku. Ntabwo byari umunsi mukuru w'idini gusa ahubwo byari ibihe by'iminsi cumi n'ibiri bya karaniro (kuva ku ya 25 Ukuboza kugeza ku ya 6 Mutarama, Epifaniya).

Imwe mu migenzo izwi cyane yari iyo gutoranya "Umwami w’ubutegetsi bubi" cyangwa "Umutware w’Ubuswa." Muri icyo gihe, abaturage basanzwe bashoboraga gukina umwanya w’abatware, mu gihe ubutegetsi nyakuri bwahagarikwaga by’agateganyo, bwuzuyemo urwenya n’ubugizi bwa nabi. Ibirori, inzoga, imyiyereko, n’imikino itandukanye byuzuye imihanda. Ubu buryo bwo kwizihiza bwabaye ubudasa n’akajagari ku buryo nyuma bwateje urwango rukomeye rw’Abapuritini.

3. Kubuza Abapuritini no Gusubira mu Butegetsi bwa Victoria

Mu kinyejana cya 17, Abapuritini bo mu Bwongereza no mu bihugu byakoronijwe na Amerika y'Amajyaruguru babonaga Noheli nk'aho idafite ishingiro rya Bibiliya kandi babona ko iminsi mikuru yayo yari yanduye, idahwitse, kandi ifite inkomoko ya gipagani. Ku butegetsi bwa Cromwell, iminsi mikuru ya Noheli yarabujijwe mu Bwongereza igihe gito. Mu ntara ya Massachusetts Bay, kwizihiza Noheli byari bitemewe n'amategeko kuva mu 1659 kugeza mu 1681.

Ishusho ya Noheli yo muri iki gihe ishingiye ku Bwongereza bwo mu gihe cya Victoria (mu kinyejana cya 19). Muri icyo gihe, abantu babiri b'ingenzi n'igitabo cy'ubuvanganzo bahinduye Noheli:

• Igikomangoma Albert: Yazanye umuco w’Abadage wo gushariza ibiti bya Noheli mu muryango w’abami b’Ubwongereza, wabaye nk’ikintu gikundwa n’abaturage nyuma y’ibinyamakuru.
• Charles Dickens: Igitabo cye cyo mu 1843Karoli ya Noheliyamamaje cyane umwuka w'ingenzi w' "guhurira hamwe kw'umuryango," "ubugiraneza n'ubugiraneza," "gusangira ubuntu," na "abazimu b'iminsi mikuru." Iki gitabo cyahinduye Noheli kuva ku birori rusange kikayihindura umunsi mukuru ushyushye, ushingiye ku muryango wuzuyemo ubwuzu n'imitekerereze myiza.
• Hagati aho, iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gucapa ryaturutse ku mpinduramatwara y’inganda ryatumye ikarita ya Noheli ikundwa cyane, birushaho gushimangira inshingano z’umunsi mukuru zo gutanga imigisha no kwibuka.

4. "Inkuru y'ubuvanganzo" ya Santa Claus

Père Noël wo muri iki gihe—umugabo w’umunyarwenya kandi w’umutuku wambaye ikote ritukura n’umweru utanga impano akoresheje sled ishushanyije n’impongo—ni umusaruro uzwi cyane wo “guhuza umuco.”

• Icyitegererezo cye ni Mutagatifu Nicholas, umwepiskopi wo mu kinyejana cya 4 ukomoka muri Aziya Ntoya uzwiho gutanga impano mu ibanga.
• Abimukira b'Abaholandi bazanye ishusho yabo ya "Sinterklaas" i New Amsterdam (ubu ni New York), maze izina rye rihinduka "Santa Claus" buhoro buhoro.
• Umusizi wo mu kinyejana cya 19 Clement Clarke Moore, igisigo"Urugendo ruturutse kuri Mutagatifu Nikolayi"(nanone bizwink'uko byari Ijoro ryabanjirije Noheli) yongeyeho ibintu nk'impongo, icyuma gitwara abantu, n'uburyo bwo kwinjira unyuze mu mwobo.
• Amaherezo, umunyamerika w’umuhanga mu gushushanya amashusho Thomas Nast, akoresheje amashusho menshi yo mu myaka ya 1860 kugeza mu myaka ya 1880, yashyizeho ahanini isura ya Santa Claus yo muri iki gihe: yari afite ubwanwa bw’umweru, kandi yari atuye muri North Pole.
• Urukurikirane rw'amatangazo yakozwe na The Coca-Cola Company mu myaka ya 1930, yashushanyijwe n'umuhanzi Haddon Sundblom, rwakomeje gushyira ishusho ya Santa itukura n'umweru ku rwego rw'isi. Nubwo atari yo yaturutse, ubu bukangurambaga bwagize uruhare runini mu gushimangira no gukwirakwiza isura igezweho ubu.

5. Ibirori bitandukanye mu Isi yuzuye

Muri iki gihe, Noheli yarenze inkomoko yayo mu idini ihinduka umuco mpuzamahanga, iteza imbere imigenzo idasanzwe ku isi yose:

• Mu Buyapani, Noheli isa n'umunsi w'urukundo w'abakundana, kandi kwishimira "Christmas Barrel" ya KFC byabaye umuco udasanzwe mu gihugu.
• Muri Suwede, abantu bashinga icyatsi kinini cyitwa "Gävle Goat," gikunze kuba ikintu gikunze gutwikwa n'abagizi ba nabi.
• Muri Venezuwela, ku munsi wa Noheli, abaturage bakunze kujya mu rusengero mu misa.
• Muri Filipine, bishimira igihe kirekire cya Noheli ku isi, kuva muri Nzeri kugeza muri Mutarama.

Umwanzuro

Kuva ku birori byo mu gihe cy'itumba cya Roma ya kera, kugeza ku birori bikomeye byo mu gihe cya Moyen Age, kugeza ku mutware w'indangagaciro z'umuryango mu gihe cya Victoria, no mu minsi mikuru mpuzamahanga ivanga ubucuruzi n'ubushyuhe, amateka ya Noheli ni inkuru isobanutse neza y'impinduka mu mibereho y'abaturage no kwivanga. Itwibutsa ko imigenzo idahinduka ahubwo irushaho kugira imbaraga binyuze mu gukomeza kwiyungura, guhinduka no guhanga udushya. Iyo tumuritse amatara y'igiti cya Noheli uyu munsi, ntabwo duhuza gusa n'ubushyuhe bw'umuryango ahubwo tunahuza n'uruzi rw'inyenyeri rutangaje, rumaze imyaka ibihumbi, rwashinzwe n'imico myinshi itabarika n'amarangamutima y'abantu.