Muri iyi si y’ubu yihuta cyane, ibiryo byo mu macupa byabaye ikintu cy’ingenzi cyane mu bikoni ku isi yose. Muri ibyo, ibihumyo byo mu macupa byakunzwe cyane kubera uburyohe bwabyo bwihariye n’akamaro k’intungamubiri. Ariko se wari uzi ko iki kiribwa gisa n’igisanzwe gifite amateka ashimishije y’iterambere ry’ikinyejana?
Amateka y'ibihumyo byo mu macupa ashobora gukururwa kuva mu gihe cya Napoleon mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19. Guverinoma y'Ubufaransa, ishaka ibisubizo byo kubika ibiryo mu gihe cy'intambara za gisirikare, yatanze igihembo ku bw'uburyo bwiza bwo kubika ibiryo. Nicolas Appert yavumbuye uburyo bwo gufunga ibiryo mu ducupa tw'ibirahuri no kubishyushya, bufatwa nk'icyitegererezo cy'ikoranabuhanga ryo kubika ibiryo mu macupa. Nubwo Appert yabanje kwibanda ku kubika inyama n'imboga mu macupa, uburyo bwe bwashyizeho urufatiro rw'iterambere rya nyuma ry'ibihumyo byo mu macupa.
Intandaro nyayo y’umusaruro w’ibihumyo byo mu macupa yagaragaye hagati mu kinyejana cya 19. Nyuma yo gukura kw’ikoranabuhanga ry’ibigega bya tin no kunoza uburyo bwo kubitunganya, ibihumyo byo mu macupa byatangiye kwinjira ku isoko rikomeye. Igishimishije ni uko ibihumyo byo mu macupa bya mbere byafatwaga nk'ibintu by'agaciro mu bantu bo mu rwego rwo hejuru b'i Burayi. Bitewe n'uko ibihumyo byo mu gasozi byari bihari mu bihe bitandukanye n'ubuke bw'ibihumyo byo mu gasozi, ubwoko bw'ibigega bwabaye bwonyine bwo kwishimira iki kinyobwa cyiza cyane mu gihe cy'ibihe bitandukanye, gitwara ibiciro byiza cyane.
Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 habaye impinduka ikomeye ku bihumyo byo mu macupa. Hamwe n'iterambere mu buhanga bwo guhinga—cyane cyane ubuhinzi bunini bwa Agaricus bisporus (ibihumyo by'amabuto)—umusaruro wariyongereye cyane mu gihe ibiciro byagabanutse cyane. Iri hinduka ryahinduye ibihumyo byo mu macupa kuva ku bicuruzwa by'akataraboneka bihinduka ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa buri munsi. Mu ntambara zombi z'isi, ibiryo byo mu macupa byakoreshejwe nk'ibikoresho by'ingenzi bya gisirikare, bituma habaho kunoza ikoranabuhanga mu gutunganya no kubungabunga ibihumyo, ari nabyo byatumye ikoreshwa ryabyo rirushaho kwaguka.
Kuva mu myaka ya 1950 kugeza mu 1970, ibihumyo byo mu macupa byinjiye mu "gihe cy'izahabu." Kubera iterambere ryihuse ry'ubukungu ku isi n'iterambere ryihuse mu nganda z'ibiribwa, ibihumyo byo mu macupa byakunzwe cyane n'abakora mu ngo no mu rwego rw'ibiribwa kubera uburyo byoroshye kandi bihoraho. Iki gihe cyabonye udushya twinshi, harimo ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibicuruzwa nk'ibihumyo byaciwe n'ibyaciwe, ndetse n'ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bibitswe mu mazi y'umunyu, amavuta ya elayo, cyangwa isosi zidasanzwe.
Ikintu gishimishije cyagaragaye mu muco ubwo ibihumyo byo mu macupa byagiraga uruhare runini mu minsi mikuru gakondo mu bihugu bitandukanye. Muri Amerika ya Ruguru, isupu y'ibihumyo yo mu macupa yabaye ingenzi mu gutegura amafunguro gakondo ya Thanksgiving na Noheli. Mu Burayi bw'Iburasirazuba, ibihumyo byo mu macupa byari bigize ingenzi mu ifunguro ryo kwiyiriza ubusa rya Noheli. Hirya no hino muri Aziya y'Iburasirazuba, ibihumyo byo mu macupa byakoreshejwe cyane mu nkono zishyushye no mu guteka buri munsi.
Mu kinyejana cya 21, iterambere ry'ibihumyo mu macupa ryafashe inzira nshya. Kubera ko abantu benshi bashishikajwe no kurya neza, abaguzi barushijeho guhangayikishwa n'intungamubiri ziri mu macupa. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko uburyo bwiza bwo kubika ibihumyo mu macupa bushobora kubungabunga neza poroteyine, fibre, vitamine B, n'imyunyungugu y'ibihumyo. Muri icyo gihe, ibihumyo bike birimo sodium n'ibindi bidafite inyongeramusaruro byarushijeho gukundwa.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha habaye irindi terambere rishimishije: gukodesha ubwoko bw'ibihumyo byihariye. Uretse ibihumyo bisanzwe, amasoko ubu atanga ibihumyo bya shiitake, enoki, king oyster, n'ibindi, bihaza abaguzi uburyohe butandukanye n'indyo.
Igishimishije ni uko ibihumyo byo mu macupa byabonye umwanya wabyo muri gahunda z’ibiribwa byo mu kirere. Uburemere bwabyo bworoshye, uburyo byoroshye kubibika, ndetse n’uburyo bikungahaye ku ntungamubiri byatumye bishyirwa ku rutonde rw’ibiribwa bya sitasiyo mpuzamahanga y’ikirere, bikaba ari bimwe mu bihingwa bike bishya biboneka ku bahanga mu by’ikirere mu kirere.
Gukomeza kwita ku bidukikije byanatanze amahirwe mashya ku bihumyo byo mu macupa. Ugereranyije no gutwara imboga zimwe na zimwe zikiri nshya mu ntera ndende, ibihumyo bikorerwa mu gace runaka n'ibikodeshwa rimwe na rimwe bishobora gusiga akantu gato ka karuboni, bihuye n'amahame y'iterambere rirambye.
Inama ku bicuruzwa
Nyuma yo gusuzuma amateka meza y'ibihumyo byo mu macupa, twishimiye kubagezaho ibyo dutanga bihendutse.
Ibihumyo byacu bikomoka ku buhinzi bwiza kandi bigatunganywa mu gihe bigeze ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'uburyohe bwabyo. Dukoresheje ikoranabuhanga rigezweho kandi ryoroshye ryo kubitunganya, twongera uburyohe bw'intungamubiri zabyo karemano n'imiterere yabyo. Buri gacupa gakungahaye kuri poroteyine, fibre, n'imyunyu ngugu itandukanye, bigatuma biba amahitamo meza yo kurya indyo yuzuye.
Ku bijyanye n'uburyohe, ibicuruzwa byacu bitanga neza kandi bikungahaye ku ireme ry'ibihumyo bya umami. Byaba byose, bikase, cyangwa bigacibwa, bigumana imiterere ihamye kandi ifite impumuro karemano. Biteguye gukoreshwa bivuye mu gacupa, bizigama umwanya w'agaciro wo kubitegura.
Ibihumyo byo mu macupa bifite uburyo bwinshi butangaje—ni isoko nyayo y'ibicuruzwa byo mu gikoni:
Guteka byihuse: Nta gusukura cyangwa kuvoma bikenewe; ni byiza cyane ku biryo bishyushye n'isupu.
Ibiryo by'Iburengerazuba: Amahitamo meza kuri pizza, isosi ya makaroni, n'isupu y'ibihumyo.
Amafunguro yo muri Aziya: Inyongera nziza cyane ku nkono zishyushye, amasahani yokejwe, n'amafunguro y'umuceri.
Kurya neza: Karori nke kandi zifite intungamubiri nyinshi, zikwiriye gahunda zitandukanye z'imirire.
Twubahiriza cyane amahame mpuzamahanga agenga umutekano w'ibiribwa, tugenzura ko birinzwe muri buri cyiciro kuva ku isoko kugeza ku bicuruzwa byarangiye. Ipaki yo mu macupa ituma ibiryo bibikwa igihe kirekire ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba nta kibazo cy'uburyohe cyangwa intungamubiri byangiritse.
Muri ubu buryo bw'ibiribwa bumaze ibinyejana bibiri, duhuza ikoranabuhanga rigezweho n'ubwitange buhamye ku bwiza. Ibicuruzwa byacu ntibikomeza gusa umuco wa kera w'ibihumyo byo mu macupa, ahubwo binagaragaza iterambere ry'ibiryo bigezweho. Waba uri umunyamwuga uhugiye mu gutunganya ibiryo, ukunda guteka, cyangwa umuguzi wita ku buzima, uzabona igisubizo cyiza kandi cyoroshye gihuye n'ibyo ukeneye.
Ku bijyanye natwe
Turi ikigo cy’inzobere mu gukora ibiryo byo mu macupa byiza cyane, dufite uburambe bw’imyaka myinshi mu nganda. Twiyemeje kuvanga tekiniki gakondo n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, duha abaguzi amahitamo meza, aryoshye kandi afite intungamubiri.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-09-2025